LCD Display circuit


An HD44780 Character LCD is a de facto industry standard liquid crystal display (LCD) display device designed for interfacing with embedded systems. These screens come in a variety of configurations including 8x1, which is one row of eight characters, 16x2, and 20x4. The most commonly manufactured configuration is 40x2 characters

 LCD Display circuit

Character LCDs use a standard 14-pin interface and those with backlights have 16 pins. The pinouts are as follows:

Ground

VCC (+3.3 to +5V)

Contrast adjustment (VO)

Register Select (RS). RS=0: Command, RS=1: Data

Read/Write (R/W). R/W=0: Write, R/W=1: Read

Clock (Enable). Falling edge triggered

Bit 0 (Not used in 4-bit operation)

Bit 1 (Not used in 4-bit operation)

Bit 2 (Not used in 4-bit operation)

Bit 3 (Not used in 4-bit operation)

Bit 4

Bit 5

Bit 6

Bit 7

Backlight Anode (+)

Backlight Cathode (-)

There may also be a single backlight pin, with the other connection via Ground or VCC pin. The two backlight pins may precede the pin 1.

The nominal backlight voltage is around 4.2V at 25ËšC using a VDD 5V capable model. Character LCDs can operate in 4-bit or 8-bit mode. In 4 bit mode, pins 7 through 10 are unused and the entire byte is sent to the screen using pins 11 through 14 by sending 4-bits (nibble) at a time.


Function Details in bootlcd.h file

Function Name: OpenXLCD

Return Value: void

Description: This routine configures the LCD. Based on the Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller. The routine will configure the I/O pins of the microcontroller, setup the LCD for 4- or 8-bit mode and clear the display. The user must provide three delay routines: DelayFor18TCY() provides a 18 Tcy delay. DelayPORXLCD() provides at least 15ms delay. DelayXLCD() provides at least 5ms delay.


void OpenXLCD()
{
        // The data bits must be either a 8-bit port or the upper or
        // lower 4-bits of a port. These pins are made into inputs
                           // Upper 4-bits of the port
        DATA_PORT &= 0x0f;
        TRIS_DATA_PORT &= 0x0F;

        TRIS_RW = 0;                    // All control signals made outputs
        TRIS_RS = 0;
        TRIS_E = 0;
        RW_PIN = 0;                     // R/W pin made low
        RS_PIN = 0;                     // Register select pin made low
        E_PIN = 0;                      // Clock pin made low

        // Delay for 15ms to allow for LCD Power on reset
         Delay1KTCYx(75); // Delay of 15ms
 //-------------------reset procedure through software----------------------       
		 WriteCmdXLCD(0x30);
			Delay10KTCYx(0x05);

		 WriteCmdXLCD(0x30);
			Delay10KTCYx(0x01);


		 WriteCmdXLCD(0x32);
		while( BusyXLCD() );
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


        // Set data interface width, # lines, font
        while(BusyXLCD());              // Wait if LCD busy
        WriteCmd8bit(FOUR_BIT & LINES_5X7);          // Function set cmd
		while(BusyXLCD());
		//WriteCmdXLCD(LINES_5X7);
        // Turn the display on then off
        Delay10KTCYx(0x05);              // Wait if LCD busy
        WriteCmdXLCD(DOFF&CURSOR_OFF&BLINK_OFF);        // Display OFF/Blink OFF
        while(BusyXLCD());              // Wait if LCD busy
        WriteCmdXLCD(DON&CURSOR_OFF&BLINK_OFF);           // Display ON/Blink ON

        // Clear display
        while(BusyXLCD());              // Wait if LCD busy
        WriteCmdXLCD(0x01);             // Clear display

        // Set entry mode inc, no shift
        while(BusyXLCD());              // Wait if LCD busy
        WriteCmdXLCD(SHIFT_DISP_LEFT);   // Entry Mode

        // Set DD Ram address to 0
        while(BusyXLCD());              // Wait if LCD busy
        SetDDRamAddr(0x80);                // Set Display data ram address to 0

        return;
}


Function Name: SetCGRamAddr

Return Value: void

Parameters: CGaddr: character generator ram address

Description: This routine sets the character generator address of the Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller. The user must check to see if the LCD controller is busy before calling this routine.


void SetCGRamAddr(unsigned char CGaddr)
{
                                  // Upper nibble interface
        TRIS_DATA_PORT &= 0x0f;                 // Make nibble input
        DATA_PORT &= 0x0f;                      // and write upper nibble
        DATA_PORT |= ((CGaddr | 0b01000000) & 0xf0);

        RW_PIN = 0;                             // Set control signals
        RS_PIN = 0;
        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 1;                              // Clock cmd and address in
        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 0;

        DATA_PORT &= 0x0f;                      // Write lower nibble
        DATA_PORT |= ((CGaddr<<4)&0xf0);

        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 1;                              // Clock cmd and address in
        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 0;
                                         
        TRIS_DATA_PORT |= 0xf0;                 // Make inputs

        return;
}

Function Name: SetDDRamAddr

Return Value: void

Parameters: CGaddr: display data address

Description: This routine sets the display data address

of the Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller. The user must check to see if the LCD controller is busy before calling this routine.


void SetDDRamAddr(unsigned char DDaddr)
{
                                         // 4-bit interface
                                  // Upper nibble  interface
        TRIS_DATA_PORT &= 0x0f;                 // Make port output
        DATA_PORT &= 0x0f;                      // and write upper nibble
        DATA_PORT |= ((DDaddr | 0b10000000) & 0xf0);

        RW_PIN = 0;                             // Set control bits
        RS_PIN = 0;
        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 1;                              // Clock the cmd and address in
        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 0;
                                // Upper nibble interface
        DATA_PORT &= 0x0f;                      // Write lower nibble
        DATA_PORT |= ((DDaddr<<4)&0xf0);

        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 1;                              // Clock the cmd and address in
        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 0;
                                // Upper nibble interface
        TRIS_DATA_PORT |= 0xf0;                 // Make port input

        return;
}

Function Name: BusyXLCD

Return Value: char: busy status of LCD controller

Parameters: void

Description: This routine reads the busy status of the Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller.


unsigned char BusyXLCD(void)
{
        RW_PIN = 1;                     // Set the control bits for read
        RS_PIN = 0;
        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 1;                      // Clock in the command
        DelayFor18TCY();
                          // Upper nibble interface
        if(DATA_PORT&0x80)

        {
                E_PIN = 0;              // Reset clock line
                DelayFor18TCY();
                E_PIN = 1;              // Clock out other nibble
                DelayFor18TCY();
                E_PIN = 0;
                RW_PIN = 0;             // Reset control line
                return 1;               // Return TRUE
        }
        else                            // Busy bit is low
        {
                E_PIN = 0;              // Reset clock line
                DelayFor18TCY();
                E_PIN = 1;              // Clock out other nibble
                DelayFor18TCY();
                E_PIN = 0;
                RW_PIN = 0;             // Reset control line
                return 0;               // Return FALSE
        }

}

Function Name: ReadAddrXLCD

Return Value: char: address from LCD controller

Parameters: void

Description: This routine reads an address byte from the Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller. The user must check to see if the LCD controller is busy before calling this routine. The address is read from the character generator RAM or the display data RAM depending on what the previous SetxxRamAddr routine was called.


unsigned char ReadAddrXLCD(void)
{
        char data;                      // Holds the data retrieved from the LCD

                                // 4-bit interface
        RW_PIN = 1;                     // Set control bits for the read
        RS_PIN = 0;
        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 1;                      // Clock data out of the LCD controller
        DelayFor18TCY();
                           // Upper nibble interface
        data = DATA_PORT&0xf0;          // Read the nibble into the upper nibble of data

        E_PIN = 0;                      // Reset the clock
        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 1;                      // Clock out the lower nibble
        DelayFor18TCY();
                           // Upper nibble interface
        data |= (DATA_PORT>>4)&0x0f;    // Read the nibble into the lower nibble of data

        E_PIN = 0;
        RW_PIN = 0;                     // Reset the control lines

        return (data&0x7f);             // Return the address, Mask off the busy bit
}


Function Name: ReadDataXLCD

Return Value: char: data byte from LCD controller

Parameters: void

Description: This routine reads a data byte from the Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller. The user must check to see if the LCD controller is busy before calling this routine. The data is read from the character generator RAM or the display data RAM depending on what the previous SetxxRamAddr routine was called.


char ReadDataXLCD(void)
{
        char data;

                                  // 4-bit interface
        RW_PIN = 1;
        RS_PIN = 1;
        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 1;                      // Clock the data out of the LCD
        DelayFor18TCY();
                           // Upper nibble interface
        data = DATA_PORT&0xf0;          // Read the upper nibble of data

        E_PIN = 0;                      // Reset the clock line
        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 1;                      // Clock the next nibble out of the LCD
        DelayFor18TCY();
                          // Upper nibble interface
        data |= (DATA_PORT>>4)&0x0f;    // Read the lower nibble of data

        E_PIN = 0;                                      
        RS_PIN = 0;                     // Reset the control bits
        RW_PIN = 0;

        return(data);                   // Return the data byte
}

Function Name: WriteCmdXLCD

Return Value: void

Parameters: cmd: command to send to LCD

Description: This routine writes a command to the Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller. The user must check to see if the LCD controller is busy before calling this routine.


void WriteCmdXLCD(unsigned char cmd)
{
                                // 4-bit interface
                           // Upper nibble interface
        TRIS_DATA_PORT &= 0x0f;
        DATA_PORT &= 0x0f;
        DATA_PORT |= cmd&0xf0;

        RW_PIN = 0;                     // Set control signals for command
        RS_PIN = 0;
        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 1;                      // Clock command in
        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 0;
                          // Upper nibble interface
        DATA_PORT &= 0x0f;
        DATA_PORT |= (cmd<<4)&0xf0;

        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 1;                      // Clock command in
        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 0;
                        // Make data nibble input
        TRIS_DATA_PORT |= 0xf0;

        return;
}

Function Name: WriteCmd8bit

Return Value: void

Parameters: cmd: command to send to LCD

Description: This routine writes a command to the Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller 8 bit method. The user must check to see if the LCD controller is busy before calling this routine.


void WriteCmd8bit(unsigned char cmd)
{
                                // 4-bit interface
                           // Upper nibble interface
        TRIS_DATA_PORT &= 0x0f;
        DATA_PORT &= 0x0f;
        DATA_PORT |= cmd&0xf0;

        RW_PIN = 0;                     // Set control signals for command
        RS_PIN = 0;
        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 1;                      // Clock command in
        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 0;

        TRIS_DATA_PORT |= 0xf0;

        return;
}

Function Name: WriteDataXLCD

Return Value: void

Parameters: data: data byte to be written to LCD

Description: This routine writes a data byte to the Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller. The user must check to see if the LCD controller is busy before calling this routine. The data is written to the character generator RAM or the display data RAM depending on what the previous SetxxRamAddr routine was called.


void WriteDataXLCD(char data)
{
                          // Upper nibble interface
        TRIS_DATA_PORT &= 0x0f;
        DATA_PORT &= 0x0f;
        DATA_PORT |= data&0xf0;

        RS_PIN = 1;                     // Set control bits
        RW_PIN = 0;
        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 1;                      // Clock nibble into LCD
        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 0;
                         // Upper nibble interface
        DATA_PORT &= 0x0f;
        DATA_PORT |= ((data<<4)&0xf0);

        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 1;                      // Clock nibble into LCD
        DelayFor18TCY();
        E_PIN = 0;
                           // Upper nibble interface
        TRIS_DATA_PORT |= 0xf0;

        return;
}


Function Name: putsXLCD

Return Value: void

Parameters: buffer: pointer to string

Description: This routine writes a string of bytes to the Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller. The user must check to see if the LCD controller is busy before calling this routine. The data is written to the character generator RAM or the display data RAM depending on what the previous SetxxRamAddr routine was called.


void putsXLCD(char *buffer)
{
        while(*buffer)                  // Write data to LCD up to null
        {
                while(BusyXLCD());      // Wait while LCD is busy
                WriteDataXLCD(*buffer); // Write character to LCD
                buffer++;               // Increment buffer
        }
        return;
}

Function Name: putrsXLCD

Return Value: void

Parameters: buffer: pointer to string

Description: This routine writes a string of bytes to the Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller. The user must check to see if the LCD controller is busy before calling this routine. The data is written to the character generator RAM or the display data RAM depending on what the previous SetxxRamAddr routine was called.


void putrsXLCD(const rom char *buffer)
{
        while(*buffer)                  // Write data to LCD up to null
        {
                while(BusyXLCD());      // Wait while LCD is busy
                WriteDataXLCD(*buffer); // Write character to LCD
                buffer++;               // Increment buffer
        }
        return;
}


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